Chapter 47
section 1
1.- the
septum; the AV valves.
2.-The SA
node initiates a heartbeat by stimulating muscle cells in the atria. The
impulse then passes to the AV node, which stimulates the muscle cells of the
ventricles.
3.-Blood
takes the following path; right ventricle-pulmonary arteries- lungs-pulmonary
veins-left atrium.
4.-both
consist of vessels that transport a fluid. The veins in both have valves. The
lymphatic system is one way and does not have a pump.
5.-The
inferior vena cava have the lowest blood pressure because they are nearest the
heart in terms of blood return and farthest from the heart in terms of the
heart´s pumping function.
6.-The
blood on the right side of the heart (deoxygenated blood) would mix with blood
on the left side (oxygenated blood). As a result cells would not get enough
oxygen.
Chapter 47
section 2
1.- plasma
is the liquid part of blood; it transports CO2
2.-Red
blood cells transport hemoglobin. White blood cells help the body fight
disease.
Platelets
help form blood clots.
3.-A blood
clot is initiated by platelets, which
stimulate the formation of fibrin. The long strands of fibrin trap red blood
cells to form a mass that blocks the loss of blood from a wound.
4.-The
knowledge will help her determine ahead of time whether her baby´s blood may be
incompatible with her own.
5.-Type o
Rh negative blood can be donated because
there are no antigens in the blood.
6.-Blood
flow to the skin is reduced, and blood flow to muscles and glands is
increased.Thus, a person may appear pale when frightened.
Chapter 47
section 3
1.-The
mouth , the nose, nasal cavity, and the
pharynx are the structures that filter, warm, moisten, and direct air before it
enters into the lungs.
2.-Oxygen
diffuses from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
3.-Carbon
dioxide is mainly transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-)
ions.
4.- An
increased level of CO2 in the blood signals the brain to increase
the rates of both inspiration and expiration. This helps bring more O2
into the lungs and helps quickly reduce the level of CO2 in the blood.
5.-Having
the gas exchange organ inside the body and protected by the rib cage reduces
the possibility of injury and desiccation. The organ must be moist so that the
diffusion of gases can occur.
6.- A
single-celled organism does not need a respiratory system because the entire
surface of the cell is exposed to its external environment. This exposure
allows diffusion and osmosis to supply oxygen and nutrients and remove wastes
from the cell.
Chapter 47
REVIEW
1.-
systolic pressure is caused by the contractions of the ventricles. Diastolic
pressure is maintained by the arterial walls when the ventricles relax.
2.-Both transport blood away from
the heart. The pulmonary artery carries
deoxygenated blood, while the inferior
aorta transports oxygenated blood.
Transport blood to the heart. The
pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood, while the inferior
Vena cava transports deoxygenated
blood.
3.-Both transport blood to the
heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood, while the inferior vena
cava transports blood.
4.-They are all vessels that
transport blood.
5.-Red blood cells and platelets are
the solid components of the blood.
6.-c 7.-d 8.- a
9.-b 10.-a 11.-d
12.-b 13.-b 14.-a 15.-d
16.-Blood enters the right atrium,
travels to the right ventritcle, goes to the lungs, returns to the heart
through the left atrium, goes to the left ventricle, and is pumped out the
aorta. The
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated
blood.
17.-The lymphatic system helps
return intercellular fluid back to the bloodstream and is also part of the
immune system.
18.-Red blood cells lack nuclei and
cannot repair themselves.
19.-The parents should not be
concerned about their child´s Rh status. The only situation that is potentially
dangerous is when the child inherits the father´s Rh+ blood type and
the mother is Rh-. The mother may develop antibodies that can be
harmful to future children.
20.-They are produced by air passing
across the vocal cords in the larynx.
21.-High levels of carbon dioxide in
the blood cause the breathing rate to increase.
22.-Unlike red blood cells, white
blood cells have nuclei, come in several different types, and can function for
years.
23.-During inspiration, the
diaphragm flattens and the muscles pull the ribs up and out , increasing the
volume of the thoracic cavity. During expiration, the diaphragm and muscles
relax, lowering the ribs, and decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
24.-Both are extremely thin (
single-cell thickness) to facilitate diffusion of materials across the surface.
25.-A.-aorta; B superior vena cava;
C pulmonary valve; D right atrium; E tricuspid valve; F right ventricle; G
inferior vena cava; H septum; I left ventricle; J mitral valve; K aortic valve;
L left atrium; M pulmonary vein; N pulmonary artery.
