CEAD Christian
School
Tegucigalpa, M.D.C.
Biology Quiz #3
4th marking
period
10%
Grade 10th
Name______________________________________
Date________________ Section_______________
I. - Essay
Instructions: research and
answer each question detailed explaining each clearly and based upon reliable
data.
1. - Many
people take fever-reducing drugs as soon as their temperature exceeds 370C
(990F) Why might it not be a good idea to immediately reduce fever
with drugs?
What
are the benefits of taking fever reducing drugs?
2.-Use
a Physician´s Desk Reference (PDR) to research the large numbers of specialized
antibiotics
Made by
drug companies. Summarize what you have learned making a chart using the
following headings: brand name of the drug uses of drug, company that manufactures
the drug, and disease the drug controls. Select 10 antibiotics, and fill in the
appropriate information on the chart.( Honduran Drug Companies preferred)
3.-
During the early stages of the AIDs epidemic, many hemophiliacs became infected
with HIV after using infected clotting factor. Why do hemophiliacs need
clotting factor? How was it produced, and how did this lead to contamination
with HIV? What changes have been made in the production of clotting factor to
reduce the risk of infection?
4.-What
are the five main ways that human disease can be transmitted?
5.-How
does a cold or a flu spread from person to person?
6.-How
does the body fight invading viruses?
7.-Why
has the transmission of HIV become a great concern worldwide? Research HIV
levels in Honduras.
8.-Why
is a person with AIDS less able to combat infections than a person who does not
have AIDS?
9.-Make
a comment on the movie we saw in class (Contagious).
10.-What
are we celebrating today May 30? What are you personally doing to preserve
them, to multiply them?
Chapter 48 Infectous Diseases and the Immune System
Section 48-1
1.-Kotch isolated the bacteria from the blood of one cow, grew them in a laboratory culture, and injected them into a second cow, which subsequently developed anthrax.The bacteria on the second cow´s blood were the same as those of the first cow.
2.- skin releases oils, waxes, and sweat that make its surface inhospitable to some pathogens.
3.-Fluid leaks into the injury,causing swelling, and phagocytes can slip through the capillary walls to reach the site of the injury.
4.-Natural killer cells attack attack only infected cells and cancer cells, while macrophages attack pathogens and consume cellular debris.
5.-Interferon is released by virally infected cells and increases the resistance of surrounding cells to infection.
6.-Koch´s third postulate cannot be applied to humans. It is unethical ( and illegal) to infect a person with a pathogen that can cause serious disease.
Section 48-2 Review
1.-The spleen filters pathogens from the blood and exposes them to attacks by white blood cells. The bone marrow produces new white bliood cells. The bone marrow produces new white blood cells, and serves as the site of maturation for B cells.
2.-Helper T cells activate the production of cytotoxic T cells, suppressor T cells, and B cells.Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy infected body cells.
3.-When stimulated by helper T cells, B cells divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce large amounts of the defensive ptoteins known as antibodies.
4.- Vaccines expose the body to the antigens of a pathogen, thus estimulating a primary response from the immune system. This also stimulates the production of memory cells.
5.-Both allergies and autoimmune diseases are attacks on an inappropiate target. An allergy is an attack on a harmless substance, such as plant pollen,while an autoimmune disease is an attack on the body´s cells.
6.-He is wrong. His immune system will be primed to fight off that particular cold virus if he is ever exposed to it again, but he has not developed immunity agai nst the influenza virus.
Development of a Vaccine!!!!!
Edward Jenner was born in 1749 in Gloucestershire, England. Eduard Jenner´s father a clergy-man, died when he was five years old. An older brother, also a clergyman, raised him from that point. Edward Jenner´s love for nature and interest in science led to an apprennticeship with a local surgeon.
From the age of 13 to the age of 21, he studied medicine and surgery. After his apprenticeship , he went to london and began medical studies at St. George´s Hospital. In 1773, after two years in London, he returned to his country home and began a medical practice.
Although vaccination is a simple procedure, there were many initial complications. Jenner had recomended that certain precautions be taken; they were ignored by many people who practiced vaccination.Despite all the problems, the procedure quickly proved its worth, and others tried to take credit for Jenner´s ideas.
Jenner saw vaccination become accepted throughout the world.
After reading in 1799 about Jenner´s vaccination procedures, an American physician and scientist named Benjamin Waterhouse became an advocate and pioneer in smallpox vaccination in America.Waterhouse became an advocate and pioneer in smallpox vaccination in America. Waterhouse was among the firt faculty members of Harvard Medical School.
Section 48-3 Review
1.- HIV can infect macrophages and helper T cells.
2.-The immune system attacks the virus and reduces its concentration to low levels, but it may not eliminate the virus.
3.-Donate blood is tested for antibodies to HIV. Potential donors who are likely to be infected are discouraged from giving blood.
4.-HIV is apparently not transmitted through casual contact or by insects.
5.-The rapid rate of mutation means that the virus´s surface proteins, which serve as antigens, are constantly changing shape.This variability has thus far made it impossible to develop an effective vaccine.
6.-HIV infection happens when the virus has entered the body and begun reproducing.AIDS is the last stage of infection, when the immune system has been severely impaired.
Chapter 48 Review
1.- A primary immune response is the immune system´s initial reaction to a pathogen. A secondary immune response is a reaction to a subsequent exposure to the same pathogen.
2.-Interferon increases the resistance of cellsto viral infection.
3.-Neutrophils are white blood cells that ingest pathogens. B cells are lymphocytes that differentiate into antibody- producing plasma cells.
4.-Opportunistic means tending to take advantage of a situation. Pathogens that cause opportunistic infections that take advantage of the immune system´s weakness to invade the body.
5.-T cells activateB cells to differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies against an antigen.
6.-a 7.-d 8.-c 9.-a 10.-a 11.-b 12.- b 13.- b 14.-d 15.-d
16.-The suspected pathogen, which must be present in sick individuals but not healthy ones,must be isolated, grown in culture, and injected into a new host. If that new host contracts the disease, the pathogen should be isolated and shown to be identical to the original pathogen.
17.-(a)macrophage (b) this is an antibody, which immobilizes pathogens or marks them for destruction.(C)humoral immune response.
18.- Mucus membranes, like the skin,serve as a barrier to pathogens. The skin and the mucus membranes also use chemical defenses against pathogens.Unlike the skin, the mucous membranes line the internal surfaces of the body.
19.-Injured cells release chemical messengers that cause dilation of nearby capillaries and an increase in blood flow to the injured area. Fluid and white blood cells move through the walls of the capillaries into the injury. White blood cells attack pathogens.
20.-The thymus is a "nursey" in which T cells mature.
21.-Helper T cells that have been stimulated by a macrophage release interleukin-2, which stimulates B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells.It also stimulates division by cytotoxic T cells. which attack infected cells.
22.-Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens,inactivating them or marking them for destruction by macrophages.
23.-Memory cells are specialized T and B cells that remain in the body after a primary immune response. They respond to the same pathogen if it reenters the body.
24.-neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
25.-The antigens that are present on the virus´s surface continually change,making them unrecognizable to the immune system.
Chapter 47 section 1
1.- the septum; the AV valves.
2.-The SA node initiates a heartbeat by stimulating muscle cells in the atria. The impulse then passes to the AV node, which stimulates the muscle cells of the ventricles.
3.-Blood takes the following path; right ventricle-pulmonary arteries- lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium.
4.-both consist of vessels that transport a fluid. The veins in both have valves. The lymphatic system is one way and does not have a pump.
5.-The inferior vena cava have the lowest blood pressure because they are nearest the heart in terms of blood return and farthest from the heart in terms of the heart´s pumping function.
6.-The blood on the right side of the heart (deoxygenated blood) would mix with blood on the left side (oxygenated blood). As a result cells would not get enough oxygen.
Chapter 47 section 2
1.- plasma is the liquid part of blood; it transports CO2
2.-Red blood cells transport hemoglobin. White blood cells help the body fight disease.
Platelets help form blood clots.
3.-A blood clot is initiated by platelets, which stimulate the formation of fibrin. The long strands of fibrin trap red blood cells to form a mass that blocks the loss of blood from a wound.
4.-The knowledge will help her determine ahead of time whether her baby´s blood may be incompatible with her own.
5.-Type o Rh negative blood can be donated because there are no antigens in the blood.
6.-Blood flow to the skin is reduced, and blood flow to muscles and glands is increased.Thus, a person may appear pale when frightened.
Chapter 47 section 3
1.-The mouth , the nose, nasal cavity, and the pharynx are the structures that filter, warm, moisten, and direct air before it enters into the lungs.
2.-Oxygen diffuses from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
3.-Carbon dioxide is mainly transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions.
4.- An increased level of CO2 in the blood signals the brain to increase the rates of both inspiration and expiration. This helps bring more O2 into the lungs and helps quickly reduce the level of CO2 in the blood.
5.-Having the gas exchange organ inside the body and protected by the rib cage reduces the possibility of injury and desiccation. The organ must be moist so that the diffusion of gases can occur.
6.- A single-celled organism does not need a respiratory system because the entire surface of the cell is exposed to its external environment. This exposure allows diffusion and osmosis to supply oxygen and nutrients and remove wastes from the cell.
Chapter 47 REVIEW
1.- systolic pressure is caused by the contractions of the ventricles. Diastolic pressure is maintained by the arterial walls when the ventricles relax.
2.-Both transport blood away from the heart. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood, while the inferior aorta transports oxygenated blood.
Transport blood to the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood, while the inferior
Vena cava transports deoxygenated blood.
3.-Both transport blood to the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood, while the inferior vena cava transports blood.
4.-They are all vessels that transport blood.
5.-Red blood cells and platelets are the solid components of the blood.
6.-c 7.-d 8.- a 9.-b 10.-a 11.-d 12.-b 13.-b 14.-a 15.-d
16.-Blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventritcle, goes to the lungs, returns to the heart through the left atrium, goes to the left ventricle, and is pumped out the aorta. The
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood.
17.-The lymphatic system helps return intercellular fluid back to the bloodstream and is also part of the immune system.
18.-Red blood cells lack nuclei and cannot repair themselves.
19.-The parents should not be concerned about their child´s Rh status. The only situation that is potentially dangerous is when the child inherits the father´s Rh+ blood type and the mother is Rh-. The mother may develop antibodies that can be harmful to future children.
20.-They are produced by air passing across the vocal cords in the larynx.
21.-High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood cause the breathing rate to increase.
22.-Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells have nuclei, come in several different types, and can function for years.
23.-During inspiration, the diaphragm flattens and the muscles pull the ribs up and out , increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. During expiration, the diaphragm and muscles relax, lowering the ribs, and decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
24.-Both are extremely thin ( single-cell thickness) to facilitate diffusion of materials across the surface.
25.-A.-aorta; B superior vena cava; C pulmonary valve; D right atrium; E tricuspid valve; F right ventricle; G inferior vena cava; H septum; I left ventricle; J mitral valve; K aortic valve; L left atrium; M pulmonary vein; N pulmonary artery.
Chapter Review 46
1.- What is epithelial tissue?
A= epithelial tissue consists of layers of cells that line internanal and external body surfaces.
2.-Distinguish between compact bone and spongy bone?
A=Compact bone is a hard material composed of rings of mineral crystals, protein fibers, and osteocytes.Spongy bone is a porous network of tissue.
3.-Describe the components of a sarcomere.
A= A sarcomere, the functional unit of muscle contraction, is composed of actin filaments and myosin filaments.
Actin filamens are attatched to Z lines, which define boundaries of a sarcomere.
4.-Describe how skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle differ
A= Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary muscle attached to bone. Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle found in the walls of the digestive system and blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is striated involuntary muscle found in the walls of the heart.
5.-What is the difference between the epidermis and the dermis?
A= The epidermis, the outer layer of skin, is composed of living cells.
6.c 7.b 8. a 9c 10.d 11.b 12 d 13.c 14.d 15 a
16.- The structure is a sarcomere, the functional unit of a muscle contraction. A sarcomere comprises the distance between two Z lines. It shortens during a muscle contraction.
17. -What is the relationship between cells and organ systems?
A= Cells form tissues, which work together in organs. Different organs interact in an organ system.
18.-What is a body cavity?What organs are found in the abdominal cavity?
A= A body cavity is a compartment that contains the organs of the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems.
19.-What are five functions of the skeletal system?
A= The skeletal system supports muscles and organs, gives the body shape and structure, protects delicate internal organs, and stores important minerals, such as calcium and phosphorous.The internal portion of long bones produces red blood cells and certain types of white blood cells.
20.-Explain the role Harvesian canals play in compact bone.
A= Harvesian canals are interconnected and provide pathways for blood vessels and nerves to reach osteocytes.
21.-What is red bone marrow?Where is it produced and what is its function?
A=Red bone marrow is a soft tissue found in the ends of long bones.Red bone marrow produces red blood cells and certatain types of white blood cells.
22.-Describe the cause and symptoms of the disease rheumatoid arthritis.
A=Rheumatoid arthritis develops when the immune system begins attacking body tissues.As a result, joints become swollen, deformed and sore.
23.- Compare the functions of tendons and ligaments.
Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments connect bones to bones.
24.-What substance prevents the hair and skin from drying out? Where is this substance produced?
A= Sebum which is produced in oil glands, keeps skin and hair soft.
25.-What is melanin? What is the role in the body?
Melanin is a brown pigment produced by cells in the dermis.It absobs the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
